Analytical Solution to Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Analytical optimal solution to the energy management of hybrid electric vehicles is interest from theoretical and practical perspectives. Particularly, effort has been made derive analytical problem for series using Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP). However, admissibility system input was not fully explored in determining candidates. In this paper, same found by partitioning positive power demand set into four subsets, where derived each case separately according corresponding admissible set. The verified through comparison with numerical a wheel loader, two different drive cycles are considered purpose. From proposed solution, effective equivalence factor bounds used construct an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy. strategy implemented together vehicle demonstrate their effectiveness dealing real-world applications. Simulations performed 12 cycles, results compared ones achieved PMP-based control optimization done numerically. Simulation suggest that methodology relatively fast satisfactory performance presence cycle uncertainty. It observed method fulfills charge sustenance, fuel figures very close benchmarks non-causal method.